Chemicals, biofeedback, distraction, and imagery can lessen pain {pain relief}. Hypnosis can relieve pain.
Endorphin and dynorphin inhibit pain pathways. Flight-or-fight responses use endorphin neurotransmitters to suppress pain. Aspirin and nitrous oxide alleviate pain. Opiate drugs, such as morphine, are similar to endorphin and suppress pain. Ziconotide (Prialt), modified cone-snail venom, inhibits N-type calcium channels to lessen pain.
Adaptation, distraction, or drugs can decrease pain {analgesia, pain}|.
Drugs can make pain be felt but not remembered {hyoscine sleep}|. Twilight-sleep drug, from thorn apples, binds to acetylcholine receptors and affects long-term memory recall.
Inserting large needles at skin locations {acupuncture}| can reduce pain. Acupuncture-needle stimulation activates brain area that makes endorphin and dynorphin to inhibit pain pathways. Traditional acupuncture-needle insertion sites correspond to myofascial-nerve locations. Traditionally, acupuncture makes energy {qi} travel along body meridians.
Massaging with ice {ice massage} reduces pain.
Stimulating brain area that makes endorphin and dynorphin {transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation} (TENS) inhibits pain pathways.
1-Consciousness-Sense-Pain-Physiology
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Date Modified: 2022.0225